Seismic imaging of the main frontal thrust in Nepal reveals a shallow dcollement and blind thrusting. Most of the buildings in Muzzafarpur were damaged. Duvall, M., Waldron, J. W. F., Godin, L., & Najman, Y. [7] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire. These authors report that liquefaction occurred both in 1833 and 1934, between 1700 and 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP. India Spec. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. Over 70% of the building collapsed in Kathmandu. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Surv. Damages & Casualties were reported to be higher in Nepal than in India. The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Res. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January 1934 at around 2:13pm IST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. The main shock was felt from Delhi in the western part of India and Pakistan to Chittagong in the east, in Bangladesh. It is unlikely that these are the only times that the area was shaken and further similar studies are likely to be of great value. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). In D. W. Simpson & P. G. Richards (Eds. Nepal-Bihar 1934. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the the wrong location (almost 200 km too far south).The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the epicenter, which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal in not being recognized. (M 6.9) which caused irreparable damage to human structures. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. Kathmandu: "Historic Earthquakes Bihar, India Nepal", "Challenges of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity in India", "When Tagore accused Gandhi of superstition", "Suggesting religious reasons for quakes isn't new: Mahatma Gandhi did that in 1934", "Freedom Fighter Dr Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi remembered on Republic Day", " : ! Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. Half of all electric lines would be knocked out. Shortly after the Bihar Earthquake of 1934, the social workers under a mistaken idea started constructing a bandh across an innumerable waterways blocking the roads and railways, culverts and drainage channels. Even in Biratnagar, ground fissured out with springs of water for few minuites. Princeton University Press. chaired the Board of Advisors for the Southern California Earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996. 1st English edition. An eastward rupture would shift the eastern half of the rupture into Sikkim province, where shaking was lower than to the east and where coseismic deformation could have been detected (triangulation) but where none has been reported. The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. First published on Sat 25 Apr 2015 16.53 EDT. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. The continuing northward motion of India at the rate of about four centimeters per year has created wide-spread deformation, giving rise to the worlds highest mountains. Based on these evidences, it was concluded that the rupture zone; hypocenter and thereby the epicenter laid beneath the lesser Himalayas and not beneath the plains of northern India. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . Majority of seismic events in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the MCT or north and south of it. Nasu, N. (1935). Tect. Nature 136, 485486 (1935). https://doi.org/10.1038/136485b0. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. To his credit Mr. Salim has more than 400 published articles on history, politics, culture and literature in English and Hindi. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. 110 1010-1027. Science, 294, 23282331. . The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Sci. Most of the Government buildings in Laheriasarai town had collapsed. The official death toll was reported to be 8000 in Nepal and about 7000 in India, but the unofficial sources put the Indian figure near 25,000. Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. 1442-1444. January 1934 earthquake in India andNepal. (2016) Tectonic summaries of magnitude 7 and greater earthquakes from 2000 to 2015, USGS Open-File Report 2016-1192. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. Extensive damage was caused to life and property. [1] Wikipedia entry on the Bihar Earthquake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. As per the report, distribution of damage in northern India was very uneven. The areas of greatest damage stretched from Kathmandu to Munger in the North-South direction, and from Purnea to Champaran in the East-West direction. The earthquake had removed many antiquated buildings and was directly responsible for the construction of numerous modern buildings, roads and bridges in which cement, steel and reinforced concrete played an important role. Bashyal, R. P. (1998). The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Rana, B. S. (1935). SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. Additionally, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links. Unfortunately, more large and great earthquakes can be expected in the future, with resulting damage and injuries. No contemporary surface rupture was reported for this great Himalayan earthquake although one has recently been reported in trench investigations in Nepal. 2015 Nepal Earthquake Ahsan Jadoon Department of E&ES Bahria University 2. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). Great pending himalaya earthquakes. Bull. Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. bands at different levels in the structure interconnected with R.C. Burrard, S. (1934). In: Survey of India Geodetic Report 1936, (eds). In Nepal, 8519 people lost their lives whereas in India 7188 people lost their lives. 159(1) 165-206, doi:10.1111/J.1365-246X.2004.02323. Publ. Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). Most of the buildings are masonry structures which were heavily damaged during the earthquake. Disasters Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. Most of the damage was due to slumping, fissuring and tilting of the ground.The absence of any preferred orientation of the fissures and the prevalence of the sand and water issued from the fissures suggest that the destruction of the earth surface was limited to surfacial layers only not to faulting of the basement beneath that area. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934 C. D. Nature 136 , 485-486 ( 1935) Cite this article 579 Accesses Metrics Abstract SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. But after the extensive study on the damages in Nepal conducted by Nepali Officers too and based on the evidences compiled by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher, later it was relocated within Nepal. The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. Their most famous difference and debate was in 1934 when Gandhi was reported in the press to have made a statement following the devastating Bihar earthquake of 1934: "I want you to be superstitious enough to believe with me that the earthquake is a divine chastisement for the great sin we have committed against those whom we describe as Harijans". Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. The 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. Ambraseys N and Douglas J 2004 Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes; Geophys. The epicentre of the earthquake was located in eastern Nepal. Impact Summary; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes. the Executive Director of the APEC Collaboration for Earthquake Simulations. Brett (1935) reported 7253 deaths in Bihar.After the earthquake John Auden (brother of the poet laureat W.H. Everest. Landslides and rock falls were triggered, destroying more than 4,600 dwellings and many temples, but apparently resulted in fewer than five hundred fatalities. The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. Publ. Before pursuing his research and masters in modern Indian History from JNU, he was an electrical engineering student at AMU. Journal of Earth System Science. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 57075715. 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