He had his leg crudely set, rather than allowing it to be amputated, leaving it 2 inches (5cm) shorter than the right. [55], Andr conferred with Clinton, who gave him broad authority to pursue Arnold's offer. It is what happened after 1775 that began to wear him down and bring on his disillusionment. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Arnold demanded a court martial to clear the charges, writing to Washington in May 1779: "Having become a cripple in the service of my country, I little expected to meet ungrateful returns". With the permission of his master, Armistead enlisted in the Revolutionary War under General Lafayette. AD 1781, when the British, under the command of the Traitor Benedict Arnold, burnt the towns of New London and Groton and spread desolation and woe throughout the region. [134] Social historian Brian Carso notes that, as the 19th century progressed, the story of Arnold's betrayal was portrayed with near-mythical proportions as a part of the national history. [46] During the fighting in the second battle, Arnold disobeyed Gates' orders and took to the battlefield to lead attacks on the British defenses. [citation needed]. [40] In February 1777, he learned that he had been passed over by Congress for promotion to major general. [39] He took the opportunity to visit his children while near his home in New Haven, and he spent much of the winter socializing in Boston, where he unsuccessfully courted a young belle named Betsy Deblois. Arnold lost most of his siblings to yellow fever, calamitous events that triggered alcoholism in his father. After his leg healed, Benedict Arnold was named Military Governor of Philadelphia. She was a close friend of British major John Andr and kept in contact with him when he became head of the British espionage system in New York. Some theatrical treatments of the 19th century explored his duplicity, seeking to understand rather than demonize it. Arnold was made a brigadier general in the British army. By Joyce Lee Malcolm. Benedict Arnold's name is synonymous with the word traitor. His father was arrested on several occasions for public drunkenness, was refused communion by his church, and died in 1761. Before it could be carried out, however, minutemen captured John Andr and informed General George Washingtonof the plot. [146] There are also historical markers bearing his name at Wyman Lake Rest Area on US-201 north of Moscow, Maine, on the western bank of Lake Champlain, New York, and two in Skowhegan, Maine.[147]. When American leaders discovered the plot, Arnold fled. She was the conduit for information to the British. That autumn he was appointed by Gen. George Washington to command an expedition to capture Quebec. [137] A moralistic children's tale entitled "The Cruel Boy" was widely circulated in the 19th century. He led a force of more than 1,700 men which burned most of New London to the ground on September 4, causing damage estimated at $500,000. [3] Some among those in his military and political circles charged him with corruption and other bad acts. He later revealed that he expected to obtain the command of West Point, New York, and asked the British for 20,000 for betraying this post. [31], Arnold was in the West Indies when the Boston Massacre took place on March 5, 1770. [1] [7] Arnold was the fourth surviving member of his family named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold I, an early governor of the Colony of Rhode Island; his grandfather (Benedict Arnold II) and father, as well as an older brother who died in infancy, were also named for the colonial governor. He later said in his own defense that he was loyal to his true beliefs, yet he lied at the same time by insisting that Peggy was totally innocent and ignorant of his plans. His father was also called Benedict Arnold and his mother's name was Hannah Waterman King. Andr then drafted instructions to Stansbury and Arnold. He would be an apprentice in the mercantile trade for seven years. [87], Once Arnold established himself at West Point, he began systematically weakening its defenses and military strength. After Benedict Arnold betrayed the Continental Army, his British contact, Major John Andr, was captured by the Americans and hanged as a spy while Arnold escaped on a British ship. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Connecticut. [103], Washington remained calm when he was presented with evidence of Arnold's treason. [73] By October 1779, the negotiations had ground to a halt. He was a general that preferred to lead in the front then the back, always riding his horse into battle alongside his men. Arnold was aware of his reputation in his home country, and French statesman Talleyrand described meeting him in Falmouth, Cornwall in 1794: The innkeeper at whose place I had my meals informed me that one of his lodgers was an American general. [63][64], Arnold had an extremely ambitious and jealous personality. Benedict Arnold is an American Revolutionary War General who is known for being the best American Strategist during the war. [110], Even before Cornwallis's surrender in October, Arnold had requested permission from Clinton to go to England to give Lord George Germain his thoughts on the war in person. He returned a hero, but his rash courage and impatient energy had aroused the enmity of several officers. Benedict Arnold Is America's Most Famous Traitor. General Washington gave him a light reprimand, but it merely heightened Arnold's sense of betrayal; nonetheless, he had already opened negotiations with the British before his court martial even began. In the winter of 1782, he and Peggy moved to London, England. Arnold was born in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. Arnold never received all of the 20,000 pounds he was promised by the British for becoming a traitor. Scholastica, the founder of the Benedictine sisters, was Benedict's sister. Unable to find a new military or. He grew resentful of several rival and younger generals who had been promoted ahead of him and given honors which he thought he deserved. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [141] Historian Barry Wilson points out that Arnold's descendants established deep roots in Canada, becoming leading settlers in Upper Canada and Saskatchewan. Arnold was planning to surrender the fort there to British forces, but the plot was discovered in September 1780, whereupon he fled to the British lines. [107], The pursuing American army included the Marquis de Lafayette, who was under orders from Washington to hang Arnold summarily if he was captured. In exchange for cash and a commission in the British army, Major General Arnold promised to betray his cause and hand over the American fort at West Point. "[115], In 1785, Arnold and his son Richard moved to Saint John, New Brunswick, where they speculated in land and established a business doing trade with the West Indies. It is impossible to say when 37-year-old Benedict Arnold first met 18-year-old Peggy Shippen, but we do know that on September 25, 1778, he wrote her a love lettermuch of it an exact copy of . [b][6] He led British forces in the Raid of Richmond and nearby areas, and they burned much of New London, Connecticut, to the ground and slaughtered surrendering forces after the Battle of Groton Heightsjust a few miles downriver from the town where he had grown up. [98], Arnold learned of Andr's capture the morning of September 24 while waiting for Washington, with whom he was going to have breakfast at his headquarters in British Col. Beverley Robinson's former summer house on the east bank of the Hudson. [68] Stansbury ignored instructions from Arnold to involve no one else in the plot, and he crossed the British lines and went to see Jonathan Odell in New York. In May 1775, Arnold's forces eventually clashed with the British at Fort Ticonderoga - nestled along the shores of Lake . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The America. It was General Arnold. The absent name is Benedict Arnold, a name now synonymous with "traitor." Many Americans understand why his name has been erased from the chapel of the garrison he once commanded. Mo talks with author Nathaniel Philbrick about the now . At the age of sixteen, Arnold enlisted in a militia and served in the French and Indian War in upstate New York . Besides, I would argue that even if the British d. He hoped that this work would earn him wider respect and a new command; instead, it earned him and his sons a land-grant of 15,000 acres (6,100ha) in Upper Canada,[122] near present-day Renfrew, Ontario. At critical moments Arnold inspired the Patriots with his grit and determination and earned the admiration of George Washington. From there, he was ordered to Vermont where he met with Ethan Allen. 3 January 1740][1][a] June 14, 1801) was an American-born military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. When the British took control of Philadelphia in 1777, Peggy met John Andr, a charming, well-educated British officer. While Benedict Arnold escaped to British-occupied New York, where he was protected from punishment. The sacrifice of Andr made Arnold odious to loyalists, and his reputation was further tarnished among his former neighbours when he led a raid on New London, Connecticut, in September 1781. Arnold and his men went towards Boston. [23] The Stamp Act prompted Arnold to join the chorus of voices in opposition, and also led to his joining the Sons of Liberty, a secret organization which advocated resistance to those and other restrictive Parliamentary measures. He died after four days of delirium on June 14, 1801, at the age of 60. A pharmacist by trade, the 34-year-old Arnold joined the rebellion in 1775. Thereupon I expressed the desire of seeing that gentleman, and, shortly after, I was introduced to him. When Arnold learned the following morning that Andr had been caught and that . His action at Ridgefield, coupled with the death of Wooster due to wounds sustained in the action, resulted in his promotion to major general, although his seniority was not restored over those who had been promoted before him. As early as 1778, there were signs that Arnold was unhappy with his situation and pessimistic about the country's future. Clinton was concerned that Washington's army and the French fleet would join in Rhode Island, and he again fixed on West Point as a strategic point to capture. [9], Arnold's father was a successful businessman, and the family moved in the upper levels of Norwich society. On June 16, Arnold inspected West Point while on his way home to Connecticut to take care of personal business, and he sent a highly detailed report through the secret channel. His father's alcoholism worsened after her death, and the youth took on the responsibility of supporting his father and younger sister. Washington refused his resignation and ordered him north to assist with the defense there. In 1775, when the war began, he was a merchant operating ships in the Atlantic Ocean. In a July 11 letter, he complained that the British did not appear to trust him, and threatened to break off negotiations unless progress was made. An epidemic of yellow fever ravaged Arnold's family in the 1750s, however, claiming three of his . The band played a funeral march. Various translations of Sun Tzu's The Art of War have been published over the past century. [34], Arnold then traveled to Montreal where he served as military commander of the city until forced to retreat by an advancing British army that had arrived at Quebec in May. His chaplain Rev. Benedict Arnold was an enthusiastic patriot who believed passionately in the cause of American liberty. He dared not tell me his name. He performed operations that provided the Americans with relief during the Siege of Fort Stanwix, and key actions during the pivotal 1777 Battles of Saratoga, in which he sustained leg injuries that put him out of combat career for several years. Arnold had three sons with Margaret Mansfield:[150][151]. [74] Furthermore, revolutionary mobs were scouring Philadelphia for Loyalists, and Arnold and the Shippen family were being threatened. He had established a decent relationship with George Washington, as well as Philip Schuyler and Horatio Gates, both of whom had command of the army's Northern Department during 1775 and 1776. He engaged in a variety of business deals designed to profit from war-related supply movements and benefiting from the protection of his authority. His first name was actually Enoch. This plan very nearly succeeded, but Arnold changed living quarters prior to sailing for Virginia in December and thus avoided capture. [50] There he participated in the first recorded Oath of Allegiance, along with many other soldiers, as a sign of loyalty to the United States.[51]. The prisoner seemed suprised to see the gallows, but walked calmy toward it. [127] His funeral procession boasted "seven mourning coaches and four state carriages";[103] the funeral was without military honors. Two months later he repelled a British attack on Danbury, Connecticut, and was made a major general, but his seniority was not restored and Arnold felt his honour impugned. [138] The boy is not identified until the end of the story, when his place of birth is given as Norwich, Connecticut, and his name is given as Benedict Arnold. Washington refused his offer to resign, and wrote to members of Congress in an attempt to correct this, noting that "two or three other very good officers" might be lost if they persisted in making politically motivated promotions. He was the second of the couple's six children. "[32], Arnold began the war as a captain in the Connecticut militia, a position to which he was elected in March 1775. One plaque bears only a rank and a date but no name: "major general born 1740". attended Canterbury for a while, but when the family's money was lost in some bad business dealings, he had to leave school. With Benedict Arnold, he led the Green Mountain Boys to capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775. 8. Arnold's Family Life Was Messy By The Time He Was 20. My family have voted conservative in most elections. Arnold's early life consisted of study at some of the Continent's best private schools. He was convicted of disorderly conduct and fined the relatively small amount of 50 shillings; publicity of the case and widespread sympathy for his views probably contributed to the light sentence. "Whom Can We Trust Now? The British promised 20,000[b] for the capture of West Point, a major American stronghold; Washington greatly admired Arnold and gave him command of that fort in July 1780. For his services he was restored to his proper relative rank. [45] He then distinguished himself in both Battles of Saratoga, even though General Gates removed him from field command after the first battle, following a series of escalating disagreements and disputes that culminated in a shouting match. General Parsons laid it aside, seeing a letter written as a coded business discussion. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Colony of Connecticut, British America. He marched with 700 men by way of the Maine wilderness, a remarkable feat of woodsmanship and endurance, and, reinforced by Gen. Richard Montgomery, attacked the well-fortified city. Troops were liberally distributed within Arnold's command area (but only minimally at West Point itself) or furnished to Washington on request. As a teenager, Arnold's family faced financial hardship. American, then British officer after defecting during the US Revolutionary War (17401801), For other people named Benedict Arnold, see, Raids in Virginia and Connecticut colonies, Arnold's birth records indicate that he was born January 3, 1740 (, One British pound in 1776 would be worth about 160 in 2019. Answer (1 of 54): Go up to most British people and ask who Benedict Arnold was, and you will get a resounding "who?" back. [112], In London, Arnold aligned himself with the Tories, advising Germain and King George III to renew the fight against the Americans. [11], In 1755, Arnold was attracted by the sound of a drummer and attempted to enlist in the provincial militia for service in the French and Indian War, but his mother refused permission. The other leg ached constantly, and he walked only with a cane. Harper's Weekly published an article in 1861 describing Confederate leaders as "a few men directing this colossal treason, by whose side Benedict Arnold shines white as a saint". His difficult time in New Brunswick led historians to summarize it as full of "controversy, resentment, and legal entanglements" and to conclude that he was disliked by both Americans and Loyalists living there. One critic said that he was a "mean mercenary, who, having adopted a cause for the sake of plunder, quits it when convicted of that charge". He wrote that he was "very much shocked" and wondered "good God, are the Americans all asleep and tamely giving up their liberties, or are they all turned philosophers, that they don't take immediate vengeance on such miscreants? From psychological wounds received in his Connecticut childhood when his alcoholic father squandered the family's fortunes? Washington also infiltrated men into New York City in an attempt to capture Arnold. Updates? He was a war hero who persistently fought for America's independence. Arnold had the power to act, to defy the stresses of business and the dangers of the battlefield; but Peggy had the power to endure. [108], On his return to New York in June, Arnold made a variety of proposals for attacks on economic targets to force the Americans to end the war. Though the location was used for training cadets in engineering starting in 1794, it officially became the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802. He was again severely wounded in the left leg late in the fighting. These letters were delivered by Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British, rather than by Stansbury. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [103] He had suffered from gout since 1775,[124] and the condition attacked his unwounded leg to the point where he was unable to go to sea. His physicians diagnosed him as having dropsy, and a visit to the countryside only temporarily improved his condition. He died, age 60, and was buried in London. [62], Wetherell says that the shortest explanation for his treason is that he "married the wrong person". "No," he replied, and after a few moments of silence, noticing my surprise, he added, "I am perhaps the only American who cannot give you letters for his own country all the relations I had there are now broken I must never return to the States." Born in 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire (part of the famous 'Potteries' and now a district of Stoke-on-Trent), Enoch Arnold Bennett was named after his father, a solicitor. He knew that he was distrusted and disliked by senior military officers on both sides. He began to drink heavily, and . Peggy came from a loyalist family in Philadelphia; she had many ties to the British. [119] The most serious of these was a slander suit which he won against a former business partner; and following this, townspeople burned him in effigy in front of his house, as Peggy and the children watched. Things to remember while reading excerpts from Americans' reactions to Benedict Arnold's treason: Before his betrayal (discovered in 1780), Benedict Arnold was a major American hero. [114] His reputation also came under criticism in the British press, especially when compared to Major Andr who was celebrated for his patriotism. Later Arnold revealed to the British that he expected to receive the command of American forces at West Point, New York, and agreed to surrender that garrison to them for 20,000. Only action by Arnold's superior at Ticonderoga prevented his own arrest on countercharges leveled by Hazen. [69] This was the beginning of a secret correspondence between Arnold and Andr, sometimes using his wife Peggy as a willing intermediary, which culminated more than a year later with Arnold's change of sides. What happened to Benedict Arnold after he betrayed the Continental Army to the British? In the United States, the name of Benedict Arnold is synonymous with treason. Only a few weeks after learning of Arnold's treason, General George Washington enlisted a Continental Army sergeant major named John Champe in a daring mission to capture him from behind. His subordinates, some long-time associates, grumbled about Arnold's unnecessary distribution of supplies and eventually concluded that he was selling them on the black market for personal gain. Or was it a kind of extreme midlife crisis, swerving from radical political beliefs to reactionary ones, a change accelerated by his marriage to the very young, very pretty, very Tory Peggy Shippen? He was named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold who was once governor of the colony of Connecticut. On December 8, 1781, Arnold and his family left New York for England. This monument was erected under the patronage of the State of Connecticut in the 55th year of the Independence of the U.S.A. in memory of the brave patriots massacred at Fort Griswold near this spot on the 6th of Sept. His father was a successful businessman and young Arnold was educated in private schools. The Arnold residence attained the reputation as one of early Amsterdam's finer homes. [85], On August 3, 1780, Arnold obtained command of West Point. Crippled from his wounds, Arnold was placed in command of Philadelphia (June 1778), where he socialized with families of loyalist sympathies and lived extravagantly. On August 25, Peggy finally delivered to him Clinton's agreement to the terms. He then directed the construction of a fleet to defend Lake Champlain, which was overmatched and defeated in the October 1776 Battle of Valcour Island. His fellow conspirator, Major Andre, was hanged by the Continental army for being a spy. It just doesn't respect it", "Letter, Benedict Arnold to George Washington pleading for mercy for his wife", "Benedict Arnold: The Aftermath of Treason", "Saratoga National Historical Park Activities", "Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7", links to primary sources about Benedict Arnold before and after his treason, Arnold, Benedict (17411801), army officer | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedict_Arnold&oldid=1139478021, 18th-century American non-fiction writers, American expatriates in the United Kingdom, British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War, British people of the French Revolutionary Wars, British spies during the American Revolution, Businesspeople from New Haven, Connecticut, Connecticut militiamen in the American Revolution, Continental Army officers from Connecticut, Continental Army personnel who were court-martialed, Military personnel from Norwich, Connecticut, People of Connecticut in the French and Indian War, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, All articles with broken links to citations, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Benedict Arnold (17681795) (Captain, British Army in Jamaica), Henry Arnold (17721826) (Lieutenant, American Legion cavalry), Edward Shippen Arnold (17801813) (Lieutenant, British Army in India; see, James Robertson Arnold (17811854) (Lieutenant General, Royal Engineers), George Arnold (17871828) (Lieutenant Colonel, 2nd (or 7th) Bengal Cavalry). Benedict Arnold (14 January 1741 [O.S. "No one has betrayed those in uniform like Donald Trump ," said the voiceover in the latest ad . [142] His descendants are spread across Canada, most of all those of John Sage, who adopted the Arnold surname. He sent an Indian messenger into the camp of British Brigadier General Barry St. Leger with news that the approaching force was much larger and closer than it actually was; this convinced St. Leger's Indian allies to abandon him, forcing him to give up the effort. Arnold's role in the war was controversial, with some supporting his actions and others supporting the Patriots. [130] In Arnold's home town of Norwich, Connecticut, someone scrawled "the traitor" next to his record of birth at city hall, and all of his family's gravestones have been destroyed except his mother's.[131]. Arnold died in London at the age of 60. Arnold didn't die a heroic death, or even a cowardly death. [22] In a strange twist of fate, "the second most hated British . He also provided information on a proposed French-American invasion of Quebec that was to go up the Connecticut River (Arnold did not know that this proposed invasion was a ruse intended to divert British resources). Benedict Arnold, shown on the left concealing his plans in John Andr's boot, has become synonymous with treason but before he betrayed America, he saved it. At his request, a court martial was held to clear his name. [145], There are plaques on the grounds of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, commemorating all of the generals who served in the Revolution. Peggy's Childhood Peggy was the daughter of Edward Shippen and born into a prominent Philadelphia family. Congress restored Arnold's command seniority in response to his valor at Saratoga. . [143], The Boot Monument at Saratoga National Historical Park pays tribute to Arnold but does not mention his name. Apparently, Arnold also had self-confidence issues and his new wife Peggy wasn't helping the situation. Wallace, Willard M. "Benedict Arnold: Traitorous Patriot." Benedict Arnold passed away on 3 March 1849. [10] His apprenticeship with the Lathrops lasted seven years. Benedict Arnold, (born January 14, 1741, Norwich, Connecticut [U.S.]died June 14, 1801, London, England), patriot officer who served the cause of the American Revolution until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance to the British. Lee Moran. They issued him a colonel's commission on May 3, 1775, and he immediately rode off to Castleton in the disputed New Hampshire Grants (Vermont) in time to participate with Ethan Allen and his men in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga. Neither side knew for some days that the other was in agreement with that offer, due to difficulties in getting the messages across the lines. 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