A similar movement emerged in Andalusia. Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold and silver as peace offerings. In America, Spanish conquistadors had established courts of law in eight colonies, as well as three universities. English seamen rushed home from all over the globe to defend their homeland for their beloved Gloriana (the nickname given to Elizabeth). Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. He theorized that one did not need to sail east for a year to reach the Indies. As a result, many Jews fled from the region. He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. Capitalism brought about the rise of cities, which were built as hubs in a network of trade routes throughout Europe. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . Each house used the image of a rose to represent itselfa red rose for Lancaster and a white rose for York. King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. Although England was smaller than France, it was able to gather a large army. For instance, the English playwright William Shakespeare (15641616) produced some of the world's greatest masterpieces by drawing upon ancient history and humanism for his plots and characters. From the beginning of all human society in Mesopotamia 4,000 years ago, to the end of the British Empire in the mid-20th century, kings and queens controlled the most powerful countries on the globe. Great Britain was born on the first of May, 310 years ago. Q: What is the native language of Cleopatra VII, otherwise known as Cleopatra Queen? In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. In 1415 Henry the Navigator, son of the Portuguese king, led an armada against Ceuta and won a battle that left thousands of Muslim bodies piled in the streets of the city. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Tudors reigned over the English Renaissance. Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. The feudal system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. lasted one hundred years. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. At the end of the tenth century, Hugh Capet (c. 938996; ruled 98796) founded the line of French kings that ruled the country for the next eight hundred years. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty, or independent rule. Finally, Henry acted on advice from his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell (c. 14851540), and simply announced that the pope had no authority in England. For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). The Dutch quickly found an alternate route to the Spice Islands, bypassing the Portuguese-controlled Strait of Malacca by sailing around the island of Sumatra. Many of the natives near these garrisons were forced to convert to Christianity. In May 1533 Henry's divorce was granted by Thomas Cranmer (14891556), the new archbishop of Canterbury (head of the Anglican Church). Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. Soon Catherine, like Anne Boleyn, was found guilty of adultery; she was beheaded in 1542. Rise of Kingdoms is a game for iOS and Android with which you can enjoy the whole experience of a strategy game at your fingertips. Which commander is known as the Conqueror of Chaos? The dispute over whether France or Spain had the right to rule Naples and Sicily had been going on since the thirteenth century. He returned about a year later with the news that he had discovered the Indies. Determined to avenge the defeat at Novara by taking Spanish-held Naples, the young king personally led an army into Italy. Since she had no heirs, the Tudor dynasty came to an end. Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. When Essex returned to England, Elizabeth reluctantly withdrew her patronage from him. The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile were not to be merged. English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. They used the The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. This is where the country of France is today and the name for France comes from the Franks. Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. Yet she also spent excessive amounts of money on the "Cult of Gloriana," staging grand pageants and spectacles to impress the English people. Question 9. He was the first of the Bourbon line of rulers. James was married to Anne of Denmark. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). But after the duke was defeated and killed in a battle in 1477, Louis was able to reunite Burgundy with France. Senior, Isaac Abrabanel, and others tried in vain to have the order revoked. One of his first acts was to execute 270 people who had been involved in the Comuneros revolt. France was then ravaged by an internal war between the Orlanists (a family in the duchy of Orlans, in north central France) and the Burgundians (a family in the duchy of Burgundy, in northeastern France), who were both claiming the right to the French throne. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. Spain had often attracted the attention of people from North Africa as a promising new land. Other notable leaders fled to safety in Germany. In 1630 the Netherlands seized some coastal towns in northern Brazil. They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). On December 31, 1514, Louis died, and on the first day of 1515 Francis I took the throne of France. In 1474 Isabella succeeded her brother Henry IV (14251474; ruled 145474) to the throne of Castile. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. After Philip III took the throne in 1598, Spain began going into decline. (Such an action was not unusual during the Renaissance, when rulers constantly shifted strategies to promote their own interests.) In 1585 she openly supported the Dutch rebels. The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. He was put on trial and sentenced to death. The election day became the starting date permanently with Sigismund. Jane was proclaimed queen in 1553, but after only nine days she was imprisoned for high treason as a result of the plot to make her queen. The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. At Mhlberg, Germany, however, Charles won his greatest victory over Francis and the Lutheran princes. Jane died of complications following childbirth, but Henry waited until 1540 to marry again. Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). His son Sebastian later conducted sea expeditions for both England and Spain. Philip's grandson, Louis IX (12141270; ruled 122670), had a long reign. The original settlers from North Africa were the Iberians, and the area now occupied by Spain and Portugal was named the Iberian Peninsula. Peter and his successors were called the Argonese. In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. When Richard of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward (14421483), continued the campaign against the Lancasters. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. Elyot's dictionary (1538) was the first to provide English equivalents for all the words in the classical Latin vocabulary. France and Germany were both once part of what feudal Kingdom? This success was due to able military leadership, development of a full-time professional army, and a taxation system that supported the army. Yet the Jews found Berber conquests even more threatening. The German Empire (officially Deutsches Reich) was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).. The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. In late 1520, Francis secretly backed an assault on Luxembourg Her fortunes were reversed, however, when she was captured in battle by the Burgundians. 30 seconds. 3. The third group from North Africa were Muslim Arabs and Berbers (wandering tribes) called Moors. In 1487, when he was named grand inquisitor (supreme head of the court), he set out to rid Spain of "converts" who did not actually practice Christianity. Columbus's ships went off course and he did not reach Asia. Charles felt he now had the right to move into Naples. execution of Louis XVI. Markets have moved higher after Rishi Sunak agreed a deal with the European Union to settle post-Brexit trading arrangements in Northern Ireland. The conflic, Catherine de' Medici He made similar alliances with Portugal. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. Philip reasoned that since there were no longer any Capetian male heirs and since he was related to the Capetians through the Valois line of the family, he had the right to be named king. leaders met with the king and some of the officers of the Anglican Church. Both Somerset and Warwick approved of further reform in the church. Although he lived in exile, he was considered the king. Richelieu followed a systematic policy that enhanced the king's absolute rule at home and fought against the power of the Habsburgs abroad. However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). By 1538, when a peace agreement was signed in Nice, France, both sides were financially exhausted. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. Nevertheless, Spain's empire was never seriously threatened on land. A year later, in October and November 1520, Magellan navigated the treacherous straits (now known as the Straits of Magellan) at the continent's cape and sailed across the Pacific, the world's largest ocean. Hernando de Soto (c. 14961542) navigated the Mississippi River, and Francisco de Coronado (15101554) traveled through territory that is now northern Mexico In 1520 Wolsey, Henry's principal adviser, attempted to bring peace to Europe by arranging the Treaty of London, but this scheme was not workable. Clearly there were some key conflicting interests that needed to be addressed. This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). More nations are being added in the next updates. The Moriscos revolted in Granada and had to be forcibly restrained. The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, War of the Spanish Succession, 170114, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. MadLife. In 1619 Protestants in Bohemia had ousted their Roman Catholic king, Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II), and replaced him with Frederick. Others became involved in a series of plots against Mary's government. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. rise of kingdoms . They commissioned Christopher Columbus (14511506), a navigator from Genoa, Italy, to find a sea route to the Indies (Asia). Unlike Asia, Africa's kingdoms had never allowed Europeans to penetrate the interior. They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. Henry and Anne Boleyn had been secretly married in January, and their daughter Elizabeth was born the following September. In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. 1300-1500: France: Frankish kingdom > France/Germany: rise of France: Hundred Years' War > French unification: Germany: Holy Roman Empire: England: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Anglo . Henry stated in his will that any of his three childrenEdward, Mary, and Elizabethcould succeed him to the throne, even though his daughters had earlier been declared illegitimate when he divorced their mothers. This included four kingdoms, six grand duchies . (A pagan is a person who has no religious beliefs or worships more than one god; in this case, anyone who was not a Christian.) Moorish farming techniques brought the dry land to life. Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. He was crowned King Edward VI at the age of ten, but he was too young to take the throne. All lands to the east would belong to Portugal and all lands to the west would belong to Spain. (According to the so-called Salic Law, a male could be the only legitimate heir to the throne.) Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. Civilization Popularity Ranking: 1,200-year-old bones found in Aachen Cathedral in Germany believed to belong to Charlemagne, King of the Franks. Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. Which European wrote the first travelogue detailing China's history, culture, and art? Questions 1 - 5 are on a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are. Charlemagne's Rise to Power. In the Theses Luther listed his grievances with Roman Catholicism, such as his opposition to the practice of selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins). Medina-Sidonia had been ordered not to engage in battle with the English until he had made contact with Parma. The French and Spanish monarchs His opponents for the position were King Francis I of France (see "France" section previously in this chapter) and King Henry VIII of England (see "England" section previously in this chapter). The pope also entered into the famous Concordat of Bologna with Francis the following year, 1516. He was the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and Henry Stewart (15451567), who was the grandson of Henry VII. and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. Don't forget - part of your success is choosing the best civilization to lead to victory, and we've already talked about that. Spanish monarchs Ferdinand II (14521516) and Isabella I (14511504) permission to conduct the Spanish Inquisition, which was separate from the medieval Inquisition. Charles then turned toward Italy, landed in Sicily in August, and advanced with ease toward the Alps. By this time most Spaniards were having second thoughts about the new king: Charles had never been to their country, and he could not even speak Spanish. Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. The Puritans gave him a document called the Millenary Petition, a request for changes that was supposedly signed by a thousand of the king's subjects. Rise of Germany . King Francis I became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. The Carolingian Dynasty (751-887) was a family of Frankish nobles who ruled Francia and its successor kingdoms in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. The Moors surrendered Toledo to the Christians in 1085. During the Lancastrian War religious mystic Joan of Arc led French forces in victories against the English (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Thus the two largest Christian kingdoms in Spain were united. Among them was William I Prince of Orange (15331584), the spiritual leader of the rebellion. Q. the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany. In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. Under terms of the peace agreement, the Treaty of Brtigny (1360), the kingdom of France was divided and the southwest region was formally given to the king of England. Ferdinand feared that the Habsburgs would influence Charles to place their own interests above the needs of Spain. $49.95 Thus, on March 17, 1558, the last Tudor monarch of England ascended the throne. Trait 2: ++10% Wood Gathering Speed. France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. After winning several major battles, the Moors conquered the Visigoth capital of Toledo in 712 and soon pushed the Germanic lords and their armies into the northern frontiers of Spain. The Armada would then sail on to England and stage a massive sea assault. The king's announcement also offered a reward of 25,000 ducats (coins used in various European countries) for the capture of William of Orange. The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. Nevertheless, he did come upon a continent that was then unknown. Former monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Court of Augmentations. The Catholic sovereigns had specific goals: they wanted to bring the remainder of the Iberian Peninsula under their control, crush opposition groups, centralize the government, and unify the Spanish kingdoms. Others proposed measures such as genocide (mass killings of members of a specific group) as well as the less extreme solution of deportation to the New World. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. When Columbus returned from this "New World," Ferdinand and Isabella asked Pope Alexander VI to recognize Spain's authority over these new lands. At first all went well for Francis. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. Of course, the ancient kingdoms of England and Scotland had been in existence on the island of Great Britain for nearly a thousand years, and for a substantial part of that time, the kings, queens, and peoples of each country fought - sometimes with each other, but often against each other in several conflicts. Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). Lusitanians were successively overrun by Celts, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors (711). Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king of France himself. The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. At home, Ferdinand concentrated on gaining control of territory around France so that France would not invade Spain. In the early 1500s they continued the crusade against the Moors into North Africa with a series of military expeditions. The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. The French returned in 1499, however, this time to take Naples and Sicily from the Sforzas. The English also formed an alliance with France and, to seal the treaty, Henry's sister Mary became the wife of King Louis XII of France. While they were less numerous in Catalonia, Castile, Estremadura, and Andalusia, Moriscos comprised about one-fifth of the population (50,000 people) in Aragon and one-third of the population (100,000 people) of Valencia. Henry succeeded in restoring prosperity Cao Cao "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). The English were weakened by their loss to the French during the Hundred Years' War. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. King John I (c. 13571433; ruled 13851433) was the founder of the powerful Aviz dynasty. Nevertheless, Henry managed to recruit many able sea captains to go on his venture. The following year, after extensive manipulation by his Habsburg advisers, Charles was elected as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (he was not officially crowned until 1530). While the Catalan revolt was going on, the Portuguese took advantage of the confusion and declared their independence from Spain. In the years after that, they were even better. A second statute, passed in 1540, legalized these closures and mandated the seizing of all remaining property. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 led to Mary's execution at Fotheringhay castle in 1587. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. The plan called for the Armada to sail from Lisbon, Portugal, into the English Channel. The humanist ideas associated with the English Renaissance had begun to filter into England before Henry took the throne but were firmly established only during his reign. In the early 1400s the Renaissance was spreading across Europe. The revolt was distracting Charles's attention, so the French were able to move into Navarre and wage war with Spain. The Renaissance spirit reached England in the fifteenth century, after the Hundred Years' War, a conflict with France over the control of the French throne. During the reign of Francis I, French explorers became part of the age of European exploration, one of the great achievements not only of the Renaissance period but also in Western history. Long years of fighting Habsburg wars in central Europe had depleted the Spanish treasury, despite gold and silver shipments from the New World. They wanted to regain power that had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the past twenty years. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Although feudalism had been replaced by a new economic system, social and political structures were still based on the fief. Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. Among the reforms they demanded were simplified services, less elaborate church music, simpler vestments (robes worn by clergymen), and more preaching. The Italian Wars were continued with renewed vigor under King Francis I (14941547; ruled 151547), who became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. The Spanish lost 1,000 men. do with the translation. In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. He frequently attacked his father's ministers, including the duke of Alba, with a knife. Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella also took over a municipal league known as the Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood), which had provided mutual assistance and protection to its members for several centuries. The king was competing with Francis I of France and Charles I of Spain for the coveted position of emperor (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Philip brushed his reservations aside, insisting that only a man of Medina-Sidonia's stature would be obeyed by the captains of the Armada ships. Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. Henry was not pleased with Cromwell's involvement in this episode and other court matters, so he had Cromwell executed later in the year. Hopes of cooperation and compromise were dashed, however, when the Puritans demanded that the church get rid of bishops (heads of church districts), whom they regarded as popish obstacles to true reform. He neglected to reward several of his best lieutenants for their services, and as a result he lost their support. At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. The Muslim conquest was economically attractive to Jews, since it opened the markets of North Africa as well as of the entire Muslim world as far away as India. 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