The Ming dynasty (/ m /), officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, the majority ethnic group in China.Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the . The most famous, The Peony Pavilion, was written by Tang Xianzu (15501616), with its first performance at the Pavilion of Prince Teng in 1598. There are also other reasons such as the (Dryer, 2007, p. 66)"demise of Zheng He after he returned from the last voyage in 1435" as reasons cited to why the Ming Dynasty decided to cease Zheng He's voyages. These lesser functionaries performed clerical and technical tasks for government agencies. The fall of one dynasty inevitably means the rise of another dynasty. Based on food alone, it was gross. [238] Fairbank estimates that the population was perhaps 160million in the late Ming dynasty,[239] while Brook estimates 175million,[238] and Ebrey states perhaps as large as 200million. The Zanadu Ming Dynasty Sticks are considered the finest bamboo Chinese Sticks EVER! [15] The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground;[15] the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. The emperor sent for Wu, and also issued a general summons on April 5 for any available military commander in the Ming Empire to come to Beijing's rescue. Dorgon sent him and his troops to attack Li's rebel army repeatedly; once both sides in this Han Chinese civil battle were worn out, Dorgon sent his riders around the flank of Wu's army. Wei also published a historical work lambasting and belittling his political opponents. US $451.20. Description. I think it's a little pricier than before, but the food isn't bad. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What was the nature of European interaction in Asia through the 1600?, Who were the Manchus and how did they rule?, Why did the Ming Dynasty end? Also during the Ming, Japan became more aggressive. Watch Trailer. [95] By the 1640s, an ex-soldier and rival to Li Zhang Xianzhong (16061647) had created a firm rebel base in Chengdu, Sichuan, while Li's center of power was in Hubei with extended influence over Shaanxi and Henan. [g] Despite the Ming defeat, smaller loyalist movements continued until the proclamation of the Republic of China. Indeed, the fall of the Ming Dynasty was the sixth time in Chinese history that a long-standing empire was brought down by peasant rebellion following famine. This dynasty has its origins in the rebellions, led by the Han . ThoughtCo. To be successful young men had to have extensive, expensive training in classical Chinese, the use of Mandarin in spoken conversation, calligraphy, and had to master the intricate poetic requirements of the eight-legged essay. Ming Dynasty: The ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368-1644), following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty; . [103] However, after the Jurchen invasion in 1127, the Song court established four semi-autonomous regional command systems based on territorial and military units, with a detached service secretariat that would become the provincial administrations of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Wang Yangming's disciple and salt-mine worker Wang Gen gave lectures to commoners about pursuing education to improve their lives, while his follower He Xinyin () challenged the elevation and emphasis of the family in Chinese society. Hence, the Censorate was reinstalled and first staffed with investigating censors, later with censors-in-chief. [131] Ebrey states that "there were only two to four thousand of these jinshi at any given time, on the order of one out of 10,000 adult males." Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Xu Xiake (15871641), a travel literature author, published his Travel Diaries in 404,000 written characters, with information on everything from local geography to mineralogy. In 1380 Hongwu had the Chancellor Hu Weiyong executed upon suspicion of a conspiracy plot to overthrow him; after that Hongwu abolished the Chancellery and assumed this role as chief executive and emperor, a precedent mostly followed throughout the Ming period. [51], Beginning in 1405, the Yongle Emperor entrusted his favored eunuch commander Zheng He (13711433) as the admiral for a gigantic new fleet of ships designated for international tributary missions. Secondary capital from 1403 to 1421; primary capital from 1421 to 1644. Three major types of decoration emerged: monochromatic glazes, including celadon, red, green, and yellow; underglaze copper red and cobalt blue; and overglaze, or enamel painting, sometimes combined with underglaze blue. The Dehua porcelain factories in Fujian catered to European tastes by creating Chinese export porcelain by the late 16th century. [120] The bureaus were in charge of weapons, silverwork, laundering, headgear, bronze work, textile manufacture, wineries, and gardens. US $160.00. The Censorate (Yushitai), an office designed to investigate official misconduct and corruption, was made a separate organ of the government. The imperial navy was allowed to fall into disrepair while forced labor constructed the Liaodong palisade and connected and fortified the Great Wall into its modern form. [69] Although there were several dictatorial eunuchs throughout the Ming, such as Wang Zhen, Wang Zhi, and Liu Jin, excessive tyrannical eunuch power did not become evident until the 1590s when the Wanli Emperor increased their rights over the civil bureaucracy and granted them power to collect provincial taxes.[63][70]. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-fall-of-the-ming-dynasty-3956385 (accessed March 1, 2023). Only capital officials of grade 4 and above were exempt from the scrutiny of recorded evaluation, although they were expected to confess any of their faults. Struggles with peoples of various nationalities continued throughout the Ming period. [83] People began hoarding precious silver as there was progressively less of it, forcing the ratio of the value of copper to silver into a steep decline. It went on to serve as the home of the Chinese emperors and their households from the Yongle Emperor up to the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, and it also doubled up as the . [196] Ironically, some inventions which had their origins in ancient China were reintroduced to China from Europe during the late Ming; for example, the field mill. [22], Zhu Yuanzhang insisted that he was not a rebel, and he attempted to justify his conquest of the other rebel warlords by claiming that he was a Yuan subject and had been divinely-appointed to restore order by crushing rebels. This was chuanqi, a form of musical theatre with numerous scenes and contemporary plots. [185] Some people in the mountainous southwest made a living by selling lumber from hard bamboo. A. Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against the Han people that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. Retained the examination system The Manchu still maintained the Manchu language, and did . In 1639 the new Tokugawa regime of Japan shut down most of its foreign trade with European powers, cutting off another source of silver coming into China. Click to subscribe our Channel http://bit.ly/2x4nOJZ More EPs clickMing DynastyPlaylist: http://bit.ly/39obYMe After the battle of Jing Dynasties, th. As weather conditions became increasingly harsh, the system of military farms that provided food for a part of the army quickly deteriorated. These two strands of Confucian thought, hardened by Chinese scholars' notions of obligation towards their mentors, developed into pervasive factionalism among the ministers of state, who used any opportunity to impeach members of the other faction from court. [60], The financial drain of the Imjin War in Korea against the Japanese was one of the many problems fiscal or other facing Ming China during the reign of the Wanli Emperor (15721620). This would include but was not limited to coffin makers, ironworkers and blacksmiths, tailors, cooks and noodle-makers, retail merchants, tavern, teahouse, or winehouse managers, shoemakers, seal cutters, pawnshop owners, brothel heads, and merchant bankers engaging in a proto-banking system involving notes of exchange. The civil service system was perfected during the Ming and then became stratified; almost all the top Ming officials entered the bureaucracy by passing a government examination. These items could be found in the homes of the wealthy, alongside embroidered silks and wares in jade, ivory, and cloisonn. The writing materials in a scholar's private study, including elaborately carved brush holders made of stone or wood, were designed and arranged ritually to give an aesthetic appeal. Share. During the first decades of the dynasty, the Mongols were driven north to Outer Mongolia (present-day Mongolia), but the Ming could not claim a decisive victory. He used this line of argument to attempt to persuade Yuan loyalists to join his cause. A BRONZE FIGURE OF BUDDHA SHAKYAMUNI, MING DYNASTY China, 1368-1644. Theater scripts were equally imaginative. [232] Some part of the gender imbalance may be attributed to the practice of female infanticide. Yongle tried to portray himself as a Buddhist ideal king, a cakravartin. [58], While the Yongle Emperor had staged five major offensives north of the Great Wall against the Mongols and the Oirats, the constant threat of Oirat incursions prompted the Ming authorities to fortify the Great Wall from the late 15th century to the 16th century; nevertheless, John Fairbank notes that "it proved to be a futile military gesture but vividly expressed China's siege mentality. [173] A series of spectacular failures by the Chinese astronomers including missing an eclipse easily computed by Xu Guangqi and Sabatino de Ursis and a return by the Jesuits to presenting themselves as educated scholars in the Confucian mold[174] restored their fortunes. This includes mechanical and hydraulic powered devices for agriculture and irrigation,[208] nautical technology such as vessel types and snorkeling gear for pearl divers,[209][210][211] the annual processes of sericulture and weaving with the loom,[212] metallurgic processes such as the crucible technique and quenching,[213] manufacturing processes such as for roasting iron pyrite in converting sulphide to oxide in sulfur used in gunpowder compositions illustrating how ore was piled up with coal briquettes in an earthen furnace with a still-head that sent over sulfur as vapor that would solidify and crystallize[214] and the use of gunpowder weapons such as a naval mine ignited by use of a rip-cord and steel flint wheel. [136], Scholar-officials who entered civil service through examinations acted as executive officials to a much larger body of non-ranked personnel called lesser functionaries. During the 15th century the government had organized large tribute-collecting flotillas commanded by Zheng He to extend Chinas influence. The lowest unit was the county (xian ), overseen by a magistrate. Ming dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Ming, Chinese dynasty that lasted from 1368 to 1644 and provided an interval of native Chinese rule between eras of Mongol and Manchu dominance, respectively. One report says his death was a suicide; another states that he was beaten to death by peasants after he was caught stealing their food.[98]. [199] A year earlier, the memorial of Xing Yunlu suggesting a calendar improvement was rejected by the Supervisor of the Astronomical Bureau due to the law banning private practice of astronomy; Xing would later serve with Xu Guangqi in reforming the calendar (Chinese: ) in 1629 according to Western standards. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the short-lived Shun dynasty), numerous rump regimes ruled by remnants of the Ming imperial familycollectively called the Southern Mingsurvived until 1662.[f]. Silver was the main medium of exchange that was used in the Wang Dynasty. It never again attempted to push southward. By the end of the Hongwu reign, the essentials of a policy toward the Jurchens had taken shape. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ming-dynasty-Chinese-history, World History Encyclopedia - Ming Dynasty, Humanities LibreTexts - Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE), Kahn Academy - An introduction to the Ming dynasty, Ming dynasty - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). 1587 A Year Of No Signicance The Ming Dynasty In Decline is His Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng (157282) built up an effective network of alliances with senior officials. [194] Catholic Jesuits in China would promote Copernican theory at court, yet at the same time embrace the Ptolemaic system in their writing; it was not until 1865 that Catholic missionaries in China sponsored the heliocentric model as their Protestant peers did. [57] Cao's rebel force managed to set fire to the western and eastern gates of the Imperial City (doused by rain during the battle) and killed several leading ministers before his forces were finally cornered and he was forced to commit suicide. "[59] Yet the Great Wall was not meant to be a purely defensive fortification; its towers functioned rather as a series of lit beacons and signalling stations to allow rapid warning to friendly units of advancing enemy troops. Chapter Twenty Lecture Notes Qing Dynasty 1644-1911: The Qing over threw the Ming Dynasty and was the last dynasty of the Chinese. Chinese merchants were already active in Southeast . Although short fiction had been popular as far back as the Tang dynasty (618907),[146] and the works of contemporaneous authors such as Xu Guangqi, Xu Xiake, and Song Yingxing were often technical and encyclopedic, the most striking literary development was the vernacular novel. [78] For peasants this meant economic disaster, since they paid taxes in silver while conducting local trade and crop sales in copper. His armies marched east, capturing Taiyuan and heading toward Beijing. Ming officials declined the offer, but granted him honorific titles. [155] Yet even gentry and scholar-officials were affected by the new popular romantic literature, seeking courtesans as soulmates to re-enact the heroic love stories that arranged marriages often could not provide or accommodate. Besides cutting down trees to sell wood, the poor also made a living by turning wood into charcoal, and by burning oyster shells to make lime and fired pots, and weaving mats and baskets. Schools, descent groups, religious associations, and other local voluntary organizations were increasing in number and allowing more contact between educated men and local villagers. This abrupt change in climate must be one of most important drivers destroying the Ming Dynasty (Ge 2011). They drew upon the techniques, styles, and complexity in painting achieved by their Song and Yuan predecessors, but added techniques and styles. . Ming Dynasty The rounded body of oval section on matching foot and rising to an everted rim, the rim extending at one end for pouring, the opposite end with an archaistic-dragon loop handle, the exterior incised with intricate designs of entwined phoenix and chilong amidst trialling clouds extending into the interior of the spout, the stone of pale green colour flecked with beige veins and . Do not recommend. [50] At the center was the political node of the Imperial City, and at the center of this was the Forbidden City, the palatial residence of the emperor and his family. Ming Dynasty. and more. on Mar 11, 2023 by Direct Auction Galleries in IL, featuring Rare Chinese Huang Huali Dressing Box., 18K Gold Bangle with Diamonds and "X" Design. T oward the end of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), many literati scholars resigned their official positions, seeing their good work gone to waste in a realm plagued by corruption. This includes hollow, gunpowder-filled exploding cannonballs,[219] land mines that used a complex trigger mechanism of falling weights, pins, and a steel wheellock to ignite the train of fuses,[220] naval mines,[221] fin-mounted winged rockets for aerodynamic control,[222] multistage rockets propelled by booster rockets before igniting a swarm of smaller rockets issuing forth from the end of the missile (shaped like a dragon's head),[223] and hand cannons that had up to ten barrels. High-End & More! [188] Public bathing became much more common than in earlier periods. This anti-official sentiment in Yuan's travel literature and poetry was actually following in the tradition of the Song dynasty poet and official Su Shi (10371101). [161] He revealed that a Xuande era (14261435) bronze work could be authenticated by judging its sheen; porcelain wares from the Yongle era (14021424) could be judged authentic by their thickness. Save. . However, there were strong disagreements about the extent to which converts could continue to perform rituals to the emperor, Confucius, or their ancestors: Ricci had been very accommodating and an attempt by his successors to backtrack from this policy led to the Nanjing Incident of 1616, which exiled four Jesuits to Macau and forced the others out of public life for six years. [193] The heliocentric model of the solar system was rejected by the Catholic missionaries in China, but Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei's ideas slowly trickled into China starting with the Polish Jesuit Michael Boym (16121659) in 1627, Adam Schall von Bell's treatise in 1640, and finally Joseph Edkins, Alex Wylie, and John Fryer in the 19th century. Whether or not these restrictions were carried out with absolute success in his reign, eunuchs during the Yongle Emperor's reign (14021424) and afterwards managed huge imperial workshops, commanded armies, and participated in matters of appointment and promotion of officials. [81][82] Philip IV of Spain (r. 16211665) began cracking down on illegal smuggling of silver from New Spain and Peru across the Pacific through the Philippines towards China, in favor of shipping American-mined silver through Spanish ports. The Portuguese first established trade with China in 1516,[75] trading Japanese silver for Chinese silk,[76] and after some initial hostilities gained consent from the Ming court in 1557 to settle Macau as their permanent trade base in China. Following the execution of the Chancellor Hu Weiyong in 1380, the Hongwu Emperor abolished the Secretariat, the Censorate, and the Chief Military Commission and personally took charge of the Six Ministries and the regional Five Military Commissions. During the early years of the Ming dynasty, a young Chinese Muslim boy by the name of Ma He (1371-1433) was captured by the Chinese army, along with other children. Ming Reasoning. . Gazetteers across the empire noted this and made their own estimations of the overall population in the Ming, some guessing that it had doubled, tripled, or even grown fivefold since 1368. What were the two traditional forms of Ming painting? Most of the inhabitants of Manchuria, except for the Wild Jurchens, were at peace with China. [94] The agreement soon broke down when a local magistrate had thirty-six of his fellow rebels executed; Li's troops retaliated by killing the officials and continued to lead a rebellion based in Rongyang, central Henan province by 1635. The Ming dynasty came into power in China right after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty. [99] Each bastion of resistance was individually defeated by the Qing until 1662, when the last Southern Ming emperor, Zhu Youlang, the Yongli Emperor, was captured and executed. In February of 1644, Li captured the old capital of Xi'an and declared himself the first emperor of the Shun Dynasty. Resentment over such massive changes in population and the resulting government presence and policies sparked more Miao and Yao revolts in 1464 to 1466, which were crushed by an army of 30,000 Ming troops (including 1,000 Mongols) joining the 160,000 local Guangxi. [108][109], Although decentralization of state power within the provinces occurred in the early Ming, the trend of central government officials delegated to the provinces as virtual provincial governors began in the 1420s. With crops and stock destroyed, the people went hungry, a sure-fire prescription for peasant uprisings. [185], A variety of occupations could be chosen or inherited from a father's line of work. Hongwu made an immediate effort to rebuild state infrastructure. The mu in the title refers to the synonyms of each name. [179] A peasant with a great deal of experience and intelligence would then be wiser than an official who had memorized the Classics but not experienced the real world. I have travelled to Beijing, along the Great Wall, and to China's southwestern province of Yunnan. The Hongwu Emperor and the Foundation of the Ming Dynasty's Foreign Policy Nanjing, Fujian, Guangdong, Shanxi, and Yunnan were all strongholds of Ming resistance. "[90], In 1636, Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji renamed his dynasty the "Great Qing" at Mukden, which had been made their capital in 1625. The encyclopedist Song Yingxing (15871666) documented a wide array of technologies, metallurgic and industrial processes in his Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia of 1637. Individual potters also became known, such as He Chaozong, who became famous in the early 17th century for his style of white porcelain sculpture. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. [68], The eunuchs developed their own bureaucracy that was organized parallel to but was not subject to the civil service bureaucracy. [119] Female servants were organized into the Bureau of Palace Attendance, Bureau of Ceremonies, Bureau of Apparel, Bureau of Foodstuffs, Bureau of the Bedchamber, Bureau of Handicrafts, and Office of Staff Surveillance. Many Chinese did not like the Mongols and considered them the enemy. Combined with crop failure, floods, and epidemic, the dynasty collapsed in 1644 as Li Zicheng's forces entered Beijing, albeit Li's forces were defeated shortly afterward by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies of the Qing dynasty. [185], Farming villagers in the north spent their days harvesting crops like wheat and millet, while farmers south of the Huai River engaged in intensive rice cultivation and had lakes and ponds where ducks and fish could be raised. [175] However, the 1642 flood caused by Kaifeng's Ming governor devastated the community, which lost five of its twelve families, its synagogue, and most of its Torah. 6. Sun Ruo Wei entire family is killed on the orders of the Yongle Emperor in 1402, though she escapes death after being secretly adopted by Sun Zhong. His troops looted the capital for a couple of days and then scampered west on June 4, 1644, ahead of the advancing Manchus. [119] Hongwu had his eunuchs organized into the Directorate of Palace Attendants, but as eunuch power at court increased, so did their administrative offices, with eventual twelve directorates, four offices, and eight bureaus. Those studies suggested that a rapid cooling period occurred in the ending of the Ming Dynasty, which dampened agro-ecosystem and shrank pastoral resources compelling the Manchu people started to invade China in 1619. Although the Ming sharply curtailed this support, there were still several prominent Muslim figures early on, including the Yongle Emperor's powerful eunuch Zheng He. [172] The centuries-old Church of the East in China also disappeared. [111] The Grand Secretariat drew its members from the Hanlin Academy and were considered part of the imperial authority, not the ministerial one (hence being at odds with both the emperor and ministers at times). Under the pretext of rescuing the young Jianwen from corrupting officials, Zhu Di personally led forces in the revolt; the palace in Nanjing was burned to the ground, along with Jianwen himself, his wife, mother, and courtiers. The Ming Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. . The Red Turbans were affiliated with the White Lotus, a Buddhist secret society. She tries to avenge her parents but meet Zhu Zhanji (Yawen Zhu). [176], During the Ming dynasty, the Neo-Confucian doctrines of the Song scholar Zhu Xi were embraced by the court and the Chinese literati at large, although the direct line of his school was destroyed by the Yongle Emperor's extermination of the ten degrees of kinship of Fang Xiaoru in 1402. Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty . The Yuan-supported Tibetan lamas fell from favor, and the early Ming emperors particularly favored Taoism, granting its practitioners many positions in the state's ritual offices. Sun Ruo Wei becomes the concubine of crown prince Zhu Zhan Ji by chance, and continues to investigate the truth behind her family's death. Affairs in each province were handled by three agencies, each reporting to separate bureaus in the central government. [3] Brook states that the population figures gathered in the official censuses after 1393 ranged between 51 and 62million, while the population was in fact increasing. The most powerful of Hongwu's sons, Zhu Di, then the militarily mighty disagreed with this, and soon a political showdown erupted between him and his nephew Jianwen. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [191], Early Ming dynasty saw the strictest sumptuary laws in Chinese history. [25] In 1381, the Ming dynasty annexed the areas of the southwest that had once been part of the Kingdom of Dali following the successful effort by Hui Muslim Ming armies to defeat Yuan-loyalist Mongol and Hui Muslim troops holding out in Yunnan province. Maintained Confucianism even though they were Buddhist 2. [134] In actual practice, the successful candidates had years of a very expensive, sophisticated tutoring of the sort that wealthy gentry families specialized in providing their talented sons. Holding the Zhengtong Emperor in captivity was a useless bargaining chip for the Oirats as long as another sat on his throne, so they released him back into Ming China. Looking at the last emperors before and after each dynasty, their end is nothing more than very tragic. [177] His contemporary Li Zhi even taught that women were the intellectual equals of men and should be given a better education; both Li and He eventually died in prison, jailed on charges of spreading "dangerous ideas". The . [56] The former emperor retook the throne under the new era name Tianshun (r. 145764). In extreme cases, officials would be dismissed or punished. [160] However, there were guides to help the wary new connoisseur; Liu Tong (died 1637) wrote a book printed in 1635 that told his readers how to spot fake and authentic pieces of art. [189] Urban shops and retailers sold a variety of goods such as special paper money to burn at ancestral sacrifices, specialized luxury goods, headgear, fine cloth, teas, and others. All religion was to be stopped. Instead of fathers promoting sons, it was a matter of uncles promoting nephews. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-fall-of-the-ming-dynasty-3956385. Nonmetal Ancient China Armor Silver Gray costume men. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The emperor also strongly advertised the hospitality and role granted to Chinggisid nobles in his court. After that the scholar-officials who populated the many ranks of bureaucracy were recruited through a rigorous examination system that was initially established by the Sui dynasty (581618). Season 1. They had been fighting one another for the previous 20 years; at the Battle of Ningyuan in 1626, the Manchu leader Nurhaci had received his fatal injury fighting against the Ming. The first expedition was manned by 28,000 sailors onboard 62 or 63 large ships and 255 smaller vessels. The Heishanhui Society in Peking sponsored the temple that conducted rituals for worshiping the memory of Gang Tie, a powerful eunuch of the Yuan dynasty. People need to understand that Joseon dynasty is not bu. China needed a new dynasty. The Manchu drove out Li Zicheng and then remained, establishing the Qing dynasty. Zhu, who was of humble origins, later assumed the reign title of Hongwu. [178] Therefore, he claimed that anyone no matter their pedigree or education could become as wise as Confucius and Mencius had been and that their writings were not sources of truth but merely guides that might have flaws when carefully examined. The cultivation of mulberry trees for silkworms and tea bushes could be found mostly south of the Yangzi River; even further south sugarcane and citrus were grown as basic crops. Print. books like this 1587 A Year Of No Signicance The Ming Dynasty In Decline, but end up in malicious downloads. Beginning in the 1630s in the northern Shaanxi province, a minor Ming official called Li Zicheng gathered followers from the disenchanted peasantry. Some 100,000 people were executed in a series of purges during his rule. 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